Plants forming diffuse clones. Roots arising at nodes and 1--3 on internodes. Petioles 5.4--16.5 cm, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Pinnae 7--21 × 6--19 mm, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Sporocarp stalks ascending, frequently branched, attached 1--12 mm above base of petiole; unbranched stalks or ultimate branches of stalks 3--16 mm; common trunk of branched stalks 1--4 mm (rarely 2--3 unbranched stalks attached separately to same petiole). Sporocarps perpendicular to ascending, 4--5.6 × 3--4 mm, 2.3--2.8 mm thick, rounded, oval, or elliptic in lateral view, pubescent but soon glabrate; raphe 1.4--1.9 mm, proximal tooth usually absent, distal tooth absent or 0.1--0.2 mm. Sori 10--17. Marsilea quadrifolia was introduced in Connecticut about 1860. Many of the localities from which it is known at present are artificial bodies of water. This may indicate intentional introduction of the plant as a curiosity. Because its leaves are glabrous to essentially glabrous, Marsilea quadrifolia is unlikely to be confused with any other Marsilea in the flora. Likewise, the petioles of the land leaves in this species tend to be procumbent rather than stiffly erect as in the others. The branched sporocarp stalks found in M . quadrifolia are found elsewhere only in M . macropoda ; the latter, however, is a hairy plant and has no distal tooth on the very large sporocarp.

Marsilea minuta Linnaeus, a widespread species in the paleotropics, has recently been collected from the Florida Panhandle. It resembles M . quadrifolia in having roots both at the nodes and on the internodes and in having relatively glabrous land leaves, but it has sporocarps that are only 1.3--1.7 mm thick, with a distal tooth 0.3--0.6 mm long. Marsilea minuta also has a tendency for the terminal margins of the land leaves to be crenate rather than entire.

Rhizome rooting between as well as the nodes; petioles to 30 cm; lfls glabrous or nearly so, those of emergent lvs 7-30 mm long and wide, those of floating lvs avg a little larger; peduncle attached 1-12 mm above the base of the petiole, 3-20 mm, simple or often branched 1-4 mm above its base to bear 2 or 3 sporocarps; sporocarp 4-5.5 נ3-4 mm, 2.5 mm thick, hairy when young, soon glabrate, the inferior tooth mostly wanting, the superior one wanting or to 0.2 mm; sori 10-17 per sporocarp, with ca 12 microsporangia and 3-7 megasporangia per sorus. In quiet shallow water; native of Europe, locally escaped and established in our range.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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