Aerial stems persisting more than a year, unbranched, tortuous, 2.5--28 cm; lines of stomates single; ridges 6. Sheaths green proximally, black distally, elliptic in face view, 1--2.5 × 0.75--1.5 mm; teeth 3, dark with white margins, not articulate to sheath. Cone apex pointed; spores green, spheric. 2 n =216. Cones maturing in summer, or cones overwintering and shedding spores in spring. Wet woods, peat bogs, tundra; 0--1000 m; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., N.H., N.Y., S.Dak., Vt., Wash., Wis.; n Eurasia.

Stems all alike, evergreen, prostrate or ascending, often bent or contorted, 0.7-2.5 dm, 0.5-1 mm thick, unbranched or with a few long branches, with 3 primary ridges, the ridges tuberculate, broadly and deeply concave, so that the stem appears 6-ridged; central cavity none, vallecular cavities 3, large; stomates in 2 rows in each principal furrow; sheaths 3-4 mm, flaring, with a broad black band above a usually green base, the 3 scarious-margined teeth each with a subulate, often deciduous tip; cones small, 3-5 mm, subsessile, apiculate. Moist, often swampy places, especially in coniferous woods; circumboreal, in Amer. s. to Conn., N.Y., s. Ill., Io., S.D., and Wash.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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