Aerial stems dimorphic; vegetative stems green, branched, 2--60(--100) cm; hollow center 1/3--2/3 stem diam. Sheaths squarish in face view, 2--5(--10) × 2--5(--9) mm; teeth dark, 4--14, narrow, 1--3.5 mm, often cohering in pairs. Branches in regular whorls, ascending, solid; ridges 3--4; valleys channeled; 1st internode of each branch longer than subtending stem sheath; sheath teeth attenuate. Fertile stems brown, lacking stomates, unbranched, shorter than vegetative stems, with larger sheaths, fleshy, ephemeral. 2 n =ca. 216. Cones maturing in early spring. Roadsides, riverbanks, fields, marshes, pastures, tundra; 0--3200 m; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; all states except Fla., La., Miss., S.C.; Eurasia s to Himalayas, c China, Korea, Japan. Among the many infraspecific taxa that have been named in this species, Equisetum arvense var. boreale Bongard has been most generally accepted and has been applied to plants with tall, erect stems with 3-ridged branches. Because both 3-ridged and 4-ridged branches may occur on a single stem, the variety boreale is not recognized here as distinct (R.L. Hauke 1966).
Stems annual, dimorphic, the sterile ones 1.5-6(-10) dm, 1.5-5 mm thick, (4-)10-14-ridged, with well developed vallecular cavities and small central cavity ca 1/4 the diameter of the stem; the stomates in 2 broad bands in the furrows, the sheath 5-10 mm, with persistent, brown, free or partly connate teeth 1.5-2 mm; branches regularly whorled at the middle and upper nodes, 3-4-angled, solid, sometimes again branched, the first internode longer than the associated stem- sheath; fertile stems whitish to brownish, precocious and soon withering, to 3 dm, simple, to 8 mm thick, their sheaths 14-20 mm, with large, partly connate teeth 5-9 mm; cones long-pedunculate, 0.5-3.5 cm, not apiculate. Cosmopolitan, somewhat weedy; in moist to moderately dry habitats throughout our range.
Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.
